Accessibility digest

Introduction
Issue summary
Itemized issues
Elements with issues

Synopsis
Page	Ted Brown;Libertarian;Texas
URL	https://tedbrown.org/
Test date	2024/09/22
Score	1782

Configuration
Redirections	permitted
Tool isolation	no
Report format(s)	standard
Requester
Device	default
Browser type	webkit
Reduced motion	not requested
Tested by	Testaro, procedure `senate2024`
Scored by	Testilo, procedure `tsp50`
Digested by	Testilo, procedure `tdp50`
Full report	`240915T1658-ikz-22.json`

Introduction

How accessible is the Ted Brown;Libertarian;Texas web page at https://tedbrown.org/?

This digest gives one answer to that question. Eleven different tools (Alfa, ASLint, Axe, Editoria11y, Equal Access, HTML CodeSniffer, Nu Html Checker, QualWeb, Testaro, WAVE, and WallyAX) tested the page to check its compliance with their accessibility rules. In all, the tools define about a thousand rules, which are classified here into about three hundred accessibility issues.

The results were interpreted to yield a score, with 0 being ideal. The score for this page was 1782, the sum of 430 for the count of issues, 739 for specific issues, 0 for unclassified rule violations, 133 for tool-by-tool ratings, 146 for the count of violating elements, 300 for the page preventing tools from running, 34 for browser warnings, and 0 for delayed page responses.

How the page was scored

Introduction

This is an explanation of the scoring of the page.

Motivations for scoring

Why score? Specifically, why aggregate many facts about a page into a single number?

One motivation is to simplify comparison and tracking. If you want to compare a page with other pages, or if you want to track changes in a page over time, aggregating many test results for each page into one page score simplifies the task. It becomes possible to say things like Page A is more accessible than page B or Page A is becoming more accessible over time.

Another motivation is to influence behavior. A score arises from decisions about importance, urgency, and other attributes. People may use scores to award benefits, impose costs, or prioritize work. So, scoring can influence who gets and does what.

How to score?

Scoring is subjective. Accessibility testing tools use various scoring procedures, based on various ideas.

The built-in scoring procedures of Testilo are based on the idea that multiple attributes should affect a web-page accessibility score, including:

conformity to standards
adherence to best practices
how many different issues exist
how many instances of each issue exist
how many tools report violations of their rules
how trustworthy each test of each tool is
how serious each violation of a rule is
simplicity
speed of page responses
testability
conformity to expectations of browsers

Some ideas found elsewhere in accessibility scoring are rejected by the Testilo procedures:

density: that an accessibility score should be based on the count of accessibility faults as a fraction of the count of potential accessibility faults (so, the score of a large page with particular faults should be better than the score of a smaller page with exactly those faults)
applicability: that the score of a page should depend on the types of its content (so, the score of a page with accessible video content should be better than the score of an otherwise identical page without video content)

Scoring method summary

The scoring method is found in the code of the procedure. The file for any procedure tspnn is in the file procs/score/tspnn.js within the Testilo package.

The score computed by this procedure for any page is a non-negative number. The numbers represent accessibility faults, so a higher-scoring page is considered less accessible than a lower-scoring page. The best possible score is 0.

The procedure makes the score of a page the sum of 7 components:

issue score: how many instances of issues were reported
solo score: how many violations of rules not yet classified into issues were reported
tool score: how many violations of their rules did tools report
element score: how many HTML elements did any tool identify as violating at least one tool rule
prevention score: how many tools were unable to perform their tests on the page
log score: how much logging of page errors and other events did the browser do
latency score: how long did the page take to load and become stable

Scoring method details

The above component descriptions omit various details.

About a thousand tool rules are classified into issues in the tic50.js file used by this procedure. Each of those rules has a quality, ranging from 0 to 1. When the issue score is computed, the count of violations of each rule is multiplied by the quality of that rule. Whichever tool has the largest quality-weighted violation count for an issue, that count is treated as the instance count for the issue. Thus, if 8 tools each report 15 violations within the issue, and their rule qualities are all 1, the instance count is 15, not 120. Moreover, the issue itself has a weight, ranging from 1 to 4, representing its importance. This instance count is multiplied by that weight. That product is further multiplied by the issueCountWeight value, namely 10. That final product is further adjusted if the issue is inherently limited in instance count. For example, if the issue is that the page html element has no lang attribute, the instance count is limited to 1. If there is such a limit, the maxWeight value, namely 30, is divided by the actual instance count and the quotient is added to 1. That product (or 1 if there is no limit) is multiplied by the instance count, and then the result is treated as the contribution of the issue to the issue score.

Each solo (not yet issue-classified) rule violation is multiplied by the sum of 1 and the ordinal severity of the rule, to produce the solo score.

Each rule violation reported by each tool is severity-weighted in the same way as solo rule violations are. Then the sum of those violations is multiplied by the toolWeight value, namely 0.1, to produce the tool score.

The count of elements reported as violators of any rule is multiplied by the elementWeight value, namely 2, to produce the element score.

The count of prevented Testaro rules is multiplied by the testaroRulePreventionWeight quantity, namely 30, and the count of other prevented tools is multiplied by the preventionWeight value, namely 300, to produce the prevention score.

The log score is the sum of several components:

log count: how many times the browser logged a message
log size: how many characters large the collection of browser log messages was
error log count: how many browser log messages reported page errors
error log size: how many characters large the collection of browser log messages reporting page errors was
prohibition count: how many times the browser logged a prohibited response status (403)
visit rejection count: how many times the browser logged an abnormal response status

Each of these components is multiplied by a weight found in the logWeights object.

Finally, the latency score is based on how much longer it took for the page to become loaded and stable than expected. The expected total duration in seconds is the normalLatency value, namely 22 seconds (that is 2 seconds per visit, multiplied by the 11 visits of the 11 tools). This is subtracted from the actual total latency, and that difference is multiplied by the latencyWeight amount, namely 2.

Issue summary

Details about this summary

This table shows the numbers of rule violations (instances) reported by one or more tools, classified by issue.
Tools often disagree on instance counts, because of non-equivalent rules or invalid tests. You can inspect the full report to diagnose differences.
The WCAG value is the principle, guideline, or success criterion of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines most relevant to the issue.
The Weight value estimates the importance of an instance of the issue, from 1 (minor or advisory) to 4 (serious).
The Score value is the contribution of the instances of the issue to the page score.
An instance count of 0 means the tool has a rule belonging to the issue but reported no violations of that rule, although at least one tool reported at least one violation.
You can sort this table by WCAG, weight, or score.

The summary

Sorting is by score.

How many violations each tool reported, by issue
Issue	WCAG	Weight	Score	Instance counts
not exactly 1 h1 heading	1.3.1	2	124	`nuVal`:2, `aslint`:0, `axe`:0, `wave`:0
line height low	1.4.8	2	112	`testaro`:56, `alfa`:0
color missing	1.4.3	4	96	`qualWeb`:24
title attribute invalid	1.3.1	4	60	`testaro`:15
focus indication poor	2.4.7	4	48	`testaro`:12, `alfa`:0, `aslint`:0
contrast poor	1.4.3	4	40	`alfa`:10, `axe`:9, `ibm`:8, `qualWeb`:9, `wave`:9, `aslint`:0, `htmlcs`:0, `wax`:0
type redundant	1.3.1	1	32	`nuVal`:32
font size absolute	1.4.4	2	28	`alfa`:14, `qualWeb`:1
void element has trailing slash	4.1	1	28	`nuVal`:28
text contrast improvable	1.4.6	1	17	`alfa`:17, `aslint`:16, `axe`:6, `htmlcs`:8, `qualWeb`:16, `wax`:0
link indication poor	1.3.3	2	14	`axe`:3, `testaro`:7, `alfa`:0
link not named	2.4.4	4	12	`alfa`:3, `axe`:3, `htmlcs`:1, `ibm`:3, `qualWeb`:3, `wave`:1, `ed11y`:0, `wax`:0
content beyond landmarks	1.3.6	1	12	`alfa`:12, `axe`:1, `ibm`:2, `wax`:0
link not named	2.4.4	4	12	`aslint`:3, `ed11y`:1, `htmlcs`:3, `qualWeb`:3, `wave`:3, `wax`:0
all-capital text	3.1.5	1	9	`aslint`:9, `testaro`:3, `alfa`:0, `ed11y`:0
title attribute redundant	1.3.1	1	9	`testaro`:9, `wave`:8, `aslint`:0, `qualWeb`:0
links named identically	2.4.4	2	8	`aslint`:4, `qualWeb`:0, `testaro`:0
parent invalid	1.3.1	4	8	`nuVal`:2, `ibm`:0
target small	2.5.5	1	7	`alfa`:2, `testaro`:7
heading empty	2.4.6	3	6	`alfa`:1, `aslint`:1, `axe`:1, `ed11y`:1, `htmlcs`:1, `ibm`:1, `nuVal`:2, `wave`:1, `qualWeb`:0
code invalid	4.1	3	6	`nuVal`:2, `qualWeb`:0, `wave`:0
internal link broken	1.3.1	4	4	`aslint`:1, `htmlcs`:1, `wave`:0, `wax`:0
CSS bans page rotation	1.3.4	4	4	`aslint`:1, `qualWeb`:0
nav links not list	1.3.1	2	4	`htmlcs`:2
role redundant	4.1.2	1	4	`ibm`:2, `nuVal`:4
no role-required name	4.1.2	4	4	`ibm`:1, `wax`:0
hr misused	1.3.1	1	3	`aslint`:3, `testaro`:3
element obsolete	4.1	3	3	`aslint`:1, `alfa`:0, `htmlcs`:0, `nuVal`:0, `qualWeb`:0
text contrast not testable	1.4.3	1	3	`htmlcs`:3, `alfa`:0, `aslint`:0
role assigned instead of implicit	4.1.2	1	3	`testaro`:3
tab-opening link action unstated?	3.2.5	1	2	`aslint`:2, `htmlcs`:2, `testaro`:2
aside child of landmark	1.3.6	2	2	`axe`:1, `qualWeb`:1, `wax`:0
section heading missing	1.3.1	1	2	`nuVal`:2
main child of landmark	1.3.6	2	2	`qualWeb`:1, `aslint`:0, `axe`:0
element not focusable	2.1.1	4	2	`testaro`:1, `alfa`:0, `qualWeb`:0
inconsistent heading, link, or button styles	3.2.4	1	2	`testaro`:2
item makes testing inconclusive	4.1	1	1	`alfa`:1
title attribute empty	1.3.1	1	1	`aslint`:1, `htmlcs`:0, `nuVal`:0, `wax`:0
image dubiously marked decorative	1.1.1	1	1	`htmlcs`:1
heading-like styles dubious	1.3.1	1	1	`htmlcs`:1, `axe`:0, `ed11y`:0, `wave`:0
position sticky	1.4.10	1	1	`htmlcs`:1, `aslint`:0
complementary not named	1.3.6	1	1	`ibm`:1
all-italic text	3.1.5	1	1	`testaro`:1, `alfa`:0, `aslint`:0

Itemized issues

The reported rule violations are itemized below, issue by issue. Additional details can be inspected in the full report.

Issue: not exactly 1 h1 heading

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 124

Elements

None identified

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `Consider using the h1 element as a top-level heading only (all h1 elements are treated as top-level headings by many screen readers and other tools).`

Description: Page contains more than 1 h1 element

Count of instances: 2

Issue: line height low

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.8

Score: 112

Elements

/html/body/div
/html/body/div/div[1]
/html/body/div/div[1]/header
/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div
/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup
/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/h1
/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/h1/a
/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/div
/html/body/div/div[2]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]/button
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]/button/span[1]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[1]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[1]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[2]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[2]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[5]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[5]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[6]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[6]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[7]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[7]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[8]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[8]/a
/html/body/div/div[4]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span/em
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span/em/span[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span/em/span[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/span
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[1]/span
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]
/html/body/div/footer

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `lineHeight`

Description: Text has a line height less than 1.5 times its font size

Count of instances: 56

Issue: color missing

Impact: Content is impossible to perceive under some conditions

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 96

Elements

None identified

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-WCAG-T31`

Description: Foreground or background color is specified but not both

Count of instances: 24

Issue: title attribute invalid

Impact: User cannot hover to get help explaining an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 60

Elements

/html/head/link[5]
/html/head/link[6]
/html/head/link[16]
/html/head/link[17]
/html/head/link[20]
/html/head/link[21]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[1]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[2]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[5]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[6]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[7]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[8]/a
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[1]/a

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `titledEl`

Description: title attribute belongs to an inappropriate element

Count of instances: 15

Issue: focus indication poor

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.4.7

Score: 48

Elements

/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/h1/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[1]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[2]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[5]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[6]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[7]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[8]/a
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[1]/a
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[2]

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `focInd`

Description: Focused element displays a nonstandard or no focus indicator

Count of instances: 12

Issue: contrast poor

Impact: Content is difficult to understand

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 40

Elements

None identified

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r69`

Description: Text outside widget has subminimum contrast

Count of instances: 10

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `color-contrast`

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast

Count of instances: 9

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `text_contrast_sufficient`

Description: Text has a contrast with its background less than the WCAG AA minimum for its size and weight

Count of instances: 8

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-ACT-R37`

Description: Text has less than the minimum contrast

Count of instances: 9

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `contrast`

Description: Very low contrast

Count of instances: 9

Issue: type redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 32

Elements

None identified

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources.`

Description: type attribute is unnecessary for a JavaScript resource

Count of instances: 20

Rule `The type attribute for the style element is not needed and should be omitted.`

Description: type attribute is unnecessary for a style element

Count of instances: 12

Issue: font size absolute

Impact: User cannot adjust the text size for readability

WCAG: 1.4.4

Score: 28

Elements

None identified

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r74`

Description: Paragraph text has an absolute font size

Count of instances: 14

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-WCAG-T28`

Description: Font size set to an absolute unit value

Count of instances: 1

Issue: void element has trailing slash

Impact: Document contains invalid code

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 28

Elements

None identified

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `Trailing slash on void elements has no effect and interacts badly with unquoted attribute values.`

Description: Void element has a useless trailing slash.

Count of instances: 28

Issue: text contrast improvable

Impact: Content is not easy to understand

WCAG: 1.4.6

Score: 17

Elements

None identified

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r66`

Description: Text contrast less than AAA requires

Count of instances: 17

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `color_contrast_aaa7`

Description: Text has contrast less than 7:1

Count of instances: 16

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `color-contrast-enhanced`

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast (Level AAA)

Count of instances: 6

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_4_6.G17.Fail`

Description: Text has insufficient contrast

Count of instances: 8

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-ACT-R76`

Description: Text has less than the enhanced minimum contrast

Count of instances: 16

Issue: link indication poor

Impact: User cannot differentiate a link from plain text

WCAG: 1.3.3

Score: 14

Elements

/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/h1/a
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[1]/a
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/p[1]/a
/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[1]
/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[2]

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `link-in-text-block`

Description: Element is not distinct from surrounding text without reliance on color

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `linkUl`

Description: Inline links are not underlined

Count of instances: 7

Issue: link not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 12

Elements

None identified

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r11`

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `link-name`

Description: Link has no discernible text

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.NoContent`

Description: Link has an href attribute but not named

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `a_text_purpose`

Description: Hyperlink has no link text, label, or image with a text alternative

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-ACT-R12`

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `link_empty`

Description: Link contains not named

Count of instances: 1

Issue: content beyond landmarks

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 12

Elements

None identified

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r57`

Description: Perceivable text content is not included in any landmark

Count of instances: 12

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `region`

Description: Some page content is not contained by landmarks

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `aria_content_in_landmark`

Description: Content is not within a landmark element

Count of instances: 2

Issue: link not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 12

Elements

/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[1]/a

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `img_empty_alt_in_link`

Description: Element is an image in a link but has no text alternative

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `ed11y` rules

Rule `altEmptyLinked`

Description: Link name is only an image with no text alternative

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_1_1.H30.2`

Description: img element is the only link content but has no text alternative

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-WCAG-T21`

Description: Accessible name is not provided for an image which is the only content in a link

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `alt_link_missing`

Description: Linked image has no text alternative

Count of instances: 3

Issue: all-capital text

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 9

Elements

/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]/button/span[1]
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]/a

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `capital_letters_words`

Description: Element or its title has entirely upper-case words

Count of instances: 9

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `allCaps`

Description: Element has a text substring of at least 8 upper-case characters

Count of instances: 3

Issue: title attribute redundant

Impact: Helper repeats the explanation of an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 9

Elements

/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[1]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[2]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[5]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[6]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[7]/a
/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[8]/a
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[1]/a

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `linkTitle`

Description: Link title value is also contained in the link text

Count of instances: 9

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `title_redundant`

Description: Title attribute text is the same as the text or alternative text

Count of instances: 8

Issue: links named identically

Impact: User cannot get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 8

Elements

None identified

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `links_same_content_different_url`

Description: Links with the same text content have different destination URLs

Count of instances: 4

Issue: parent invalid

Impact: User cannot properly operate an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 8

Elements

None identified

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `^Element .+ not allowed as child of element .+ in this context.*$`

Description: Element has an invalid parent

Count of instances: 2

Issue: target small

Impact: User cannot reliably choose an item to click or tap

WCAG: 2.5.5

Score: 7

Elements

/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]/button
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[1]/a
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/p[1]/a
/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[1]
/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[2]

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r111`

Description: Target size is suboptimal

Count of instances: 2

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `targetSize`

Description: Button, input, or non-inline link is smaller than 44 px wide and high

Count of instances: 7

Issue: heading empty

Impact: User cannot get help on the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 2.4.6

Score: 6

Elements

/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[1]/h1

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r64`

Description: Heading has no non-empty accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `empty_heading`

Description: Element is a heading but is empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `empty-heading`

Description: Heading is empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `ed11y` rules

Rule `headingEmpty`

Description: Heading is empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_3_1.H42.2`

Description: Heading is empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `heading_content_exists`

Description: Heading element has no descriptive content

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `Empty heading.`

Description: Empty heading

Count of instances: 2

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `heading_empty`

Description: Empty heading

Count of instances: 1

Issue: code invalid

Impact: Invalid code in the document may prevent a helper from working

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 6

Elements

None identified

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `^The .+ element must not appear as a descendant of the .+ element.*$`

Description: Element has an invalid ancestor

Count of instances: 2

Issue: internal link broken

Impact: User cannot reach a promised document location

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Elements

None identified

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `broken_same_page_link`

Description: Same-page destination of the link does not exist

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.2_4_1.G1,G123,G124.NoSuchID`

Description: Internal link references a nonexistent destination

Count of instances: 1

Issue: CSS bans page rotation

Impact: User must read sideways after rotating a device

WCAG: 1.3.4

Score: 4

Elements

None identified

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `orientation`

Description: CSS media query specifies an orientation

Count of instances: 1

Issue: nav links not list

Impact: User cannot get help recognizing a list of navigation links

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Elements

None identified

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_3_1.H48`

Description: Navigation links are not coded as a list

Count of instances: 2

Issue: role redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Elements

None identified

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `aria_role_redundant`

Description: Explicitly assigned ARIA role is redundant with the implicit role of the element

Count of instances: 2

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `^The .+ role is unnecessary for element .+$`

Description: explicit role is redundant for its element

Count of instances: 4

Issue: no role-required name

Impact: User cannot get help understanding an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Elements

None identified

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `aria_accessiblename_exists`

Description: Element has no accessible name, although its role requires one

Count of instances: 1

Issue: hr misused

Impact: User cannot get help on the nature of segments of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 3

Elements

/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/hr[1]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/hr[2]
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/hr

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `horizontal_rule`

Description: hr element has neither a true aria-hidden attribute nor a presentation role

Count of instances: 3

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `hr`

Description: hr instead of styles is used for vertical segmentation

Count of instances: 3

Issue: element obsolete

Impact: Document includes obsolete code that the browser may fail to process

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 3

Elements

None identified

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `obsolete_html_elements`

Description: Element is obsolete

Count of instances: 1

Issue: text contrast not testable

Impact: Text may be difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 3

Elements

None identified

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_4_3_F24.F24.FGColour`

Description: Inline foreground color may lack a complementary background color

Count of instances: 3

Issue: role assigned instead of implicit

Impact: User may misunderstand the purpose of an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 3

Elements

/html/body/div/div[2]/nav
/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main
/html/body/div/footer/div[1]/div/div

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `role`

Description: Explicitly assigned ARIA role is also an implicit element role

Count of instances: 3

Issue: tab-opening link action unstated?

Impact: Following a link opens a new window, possibly surprising a user

WCAG: 3.2.5

Score: 2

Elements

/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[1]
/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[2]

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `links_new_window_mark`

Description: Indicator that the link opens a new window or tab may be missing

Count of instances: 2

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.3_2_5.H83.3`

Description: Link text may fail to indicate that the link will open in a new window

Count of instances: 2

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `linkExt`

Description: Link opens a new window or tab

Count of instances: 2

Issue: aside child of landmark

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 2

Elements

None identified

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `landmark-complementary-is-top-level`

Description: complementary landmark (aside) is contained in another landmark

Count of instances: 1

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-BP25`

Description: complementary landmark is not at the top level

Count of instances: 1

Issue: section heading missing

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Elements

None identified

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `Section lacks heading. Consider using h2-h6 elements to add identifying headings to all sections, or else use a div element instead for any cases where no heading is needed.`

Description: section has no heading

Count of instances: 2

Issue: main child of landmark

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 2

Elements

None identified

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-BP27`

Description: main landmark is not at the top level

Count of instances: 1

Issue: element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 2

Elements

None identified

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `focAll`

Description: Discrepancy between elements that should be and that are Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 1

Issue: inconsistent heading, link, or button styles

Impact: User cannot easily distinguish items of different types

WCAG: 3.2.4

Score: 2

Elements

None identified

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `styleDiff`

Description: Heading, link, and button style inconsistencies

Count of instances: 2

Issue: item makes testing inconclusive

Impact: Item prevents a conclusive accessibility test

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 1

Elements

None identified

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `cantTell`

Description: Test could not give a conclusive result

Count of instances: 1

Issue: title attribute empty

Impact: Hovering does not get the promised explanation of an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Elements

None identified

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `empty_title_attribute`

Description: title attribute of the element is empty or only whitespace

Count of instances: 1

Issue: image dubiously marked decorative

Impact: Helper ignores an image that is apparently informative

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 1

Elements

None identified

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_1_1.H67.2`

Description: Image marked as decorative may be informative

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading-like styles dubious

Impact: User may be unable to understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Elements

None identified

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_3_1.H42`

Description: Heading coding is not used but the element may be intended as a heading

Count of instances: 1

Issue: position sticky

Impact: User may be unable to see needed content or may be forced to scroll in both dimensions

WCAG: 1.4.10

Score: 1

Elements

None identified

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_4_10.C32,C31,C33,C38,SCR34,G206`

Description: Fixed-position element may force bidirectional scrolling

Count of instances: 1

Issue: complementary not named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 1

Elements

None identified

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `aria_complementary_labelled`

Description: Element with a complementary role has no label

Count of instances: 1

Issue: all-italic text

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 1

Elements

/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span/em

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `allSlanted`

Description: Element has a text substring of at least 40 italic or oblique characters

Count of instances: 1

Elements with issues

Elements exhibiting issues:

Element `/html/body/div`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[1]/header`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/div`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/h1`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[1]/header/div/hgroup/h1/a`

focus indication poor
line height low
link indication poor

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav`

line height low
role assigned instead of implicit

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]/button`

line height low
target small

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[1]/button/span[1]`

all-capital text
line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[1]/a`

focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[2]/a`

focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[3]/a`

all-capital text
focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[4]/a`

all-capital text
focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[5]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[5]/a`

focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[6]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[6]/a`

focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[7]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[7]/a`

focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[8]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[2]/nav/div[2]/ul/li[8]/a`

focus indication poor
line height low
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main`

line height low
role assigned instead of implicit

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[1]/a`

focus indication poor
link indication poor
link not named
target small
title attribute invalid
title attribute redundant

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[1]/h1`

heading empty

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span/em`

all-italic text
line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span/em/span[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/h2/span/em/span[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/hr[1]`

hr misused

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[1]/section/main/article/div[2]/div[3]/hr[2]`

hr misused

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/span`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/hr`

hr misused

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[1]`

focus indication poor
link indication poor
target small

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[4]/a[2]`

focus indication poor
link indication poor
target small

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[1]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[1]/span`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/div[4]/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/div[2]/p[1]/a`

link indication poor
target small

Element `/html/body/div/footer`

line height low

Element `/html/body/div/footer/div[1]/div/div`

role assigned instead of implicit

Element `/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[1]`

link indication poor
tab-opening link action unstated?
target small

Element `/html/body/div/footer/div[3]/a[2]`

link indication poor
tab-opening link action unstated?
target small

Element `/html/head/link[16]`

title attribute invalid

Element `/html/head/link[17]`

title attribute invalid

Element `/html/head/link[20]`

title attribute invalid

Element `/html/head/link[21]`

title attribute invalid

Element `/html/head/link[5]`

title attribute invalid

Element `/html/head/link[6]`

title attribute invalid

Introduction

Introduction

Motivations for scoring

How to score?

Scoring method summary

Scoring method details

Issue summary

Details about this summary

The summary

Itemized issues

Issue: not exactly 1 h1 heading

Elements

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Consider using the h1 element as a top-level heading only (all h1 elements are treated as top-level headings by many screen readers and other tools).

Issue: line height low

Elements

Violations of testaro rules

Rule lineHeight

Issue: color missing

Elements

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T31

Issue: title attribute invalid

Elements

Violations of testaro rules

Rule titledEl

Issue: focus indication poor

Elements

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focInd

Issue: contrast poor

Elements

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r69

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast

Violations of ibm rules

Rule text_contrast_sufficient

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R37

Violations of wave rules

Rule contrast

Issue: type redundant

Elements

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources.

Rule The type attribute for the style element is not needed and should be omitted.

Issue: font size absolute

Elements

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r74

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T28

Issue: void element has trailing slash

Elements

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Trailing slash on void elements has no effect and interacts badly with unquoted attribute values.

Issue: text contrast improvable

Elements

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r66

Violations of aslint rules

Rule color_contrast_aaa7

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast-enhanced

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Fail

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R76

Issue: link indication poor

Elements

Violations of axe rules

Rule link-in-text-block

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkUl

Issue: link not named

Elements

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r11

Violations of axe rules

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `Consider using the h1 element as a top-level heading only (all h1 elements are treated as top-level headings by many screen readers and other tools).`

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `lineHeight`

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-WCAG-T31`

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `titledEl`

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `focInd`

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r69`

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `color-contrast`

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `text_contrast_sufficient`

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-ACT-R37`

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `contrast`

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources.`

Rule `The type attribute for the style element is not needed and should be omitted.`

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r74`

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-WCAG-T28`

Violations of `nuVal` rules

Rule `Trailing slash on void elements has no effect and interacts badly with unquoted attribute values.`

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r66`

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `color_contrast_aaa7`

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `color-contrast-enhanced`

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_4_6.G17.Fail`

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-ACT-R76`

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `link-in-text-block`

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `linkUl`

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r11`

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `link-name`

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.NoContent`

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `a_text_purpose`

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-ACT-R12`

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `link_empty`

Violations of `alfa` rules

Rule `r57`

Violations of `axe` rules

Rule `region`

Violations of `ibm` rules

Rule `aria_content_in_landmark`

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `img_empty_alt_in_link`

Violations of `ed11y` rules

Rule `altEmptyLinked`

Violations of `htmlcs` rules

Rule `AAA.1_1_1.H30.2`

Violations of `qualWeb` rules

Rule `QW-WCAG-T21`

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `alt_link_missing`

Violations of `aslint` rules

Rule `capital_letters_words`

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `allCaps`

Violations of `testaro` rules

Rule `linkTitle`

Violations of `wave` rules

Rule `title_redundant`

Violations of `aslint` rules