Accessibility digest

Introduction

How accessible is the Apache Software Foundation web page at https://www.apache.org/?

This digest can help answer that question. Nine different tools (Alfa, ASLint, Axe, Equal Access, HTML CodeSniffer, Nu Html Checker, QualWeb, Testaro, and WAVE) tested the page to check its compliance with their accessibility rules. In all, the tools define about 915 rules, which are classified here into about 300 accessibility issues.

The results were interpreted to yield a score, with 0 being ideal. The score for this page was 3372, the sum of 560 for the count of issues, 2100 for specific issues, 656 for tool-by-tool ratings, 0 for the page preventing tools from running, 56 for browser warnings, and 0 for delayed page responses.

Issue summary

Itemized issues

The reported rule violations are itemized below, issue by issue. Additional details can be inspected in the full report.

Issue: title attribute invalid

Impact: User cannot hover to get help explaining an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 400

Violations of testaro rules

Rule titledEl

Description: title attribute belongs to an inappropriate element

Count of instances: 100

Issue: target small

Impact: User cannot reliably choose an item to click or tap

WCAG: 2.5.5

Score: 183

Violations of testaro rules

Rule targetSize

Description: Button, input, or non-inline link is smaller than 44 px wide and high

Count of instances: 61

Issue: parent missing

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot operate a custom tool

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 168

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r42

Description: Element is not owned by an element of its required context role

Count of instances: 42

Issue: list item orphan

Impact: User cannot get help on whether an item is in a list

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 168

Violations of axe rules

Rule listitem

Description: Element is not contained by a ul or ol element

Count of instances: 42

Issue: role invalid

Impact: User cannot get help on the nature of an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 141

Violations of axe rules

Rule aria-allowed-role

Description: ARIA role is not appropriate for the element

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_eventhandler_role_valid

Description: Element with an onclick, onmouseout, or onmouseover attribute has no valid ARIA role

Count of instances: 5

Rule aria_child_valid

Description: Child element has a role not allowed for the role of the parent

Count of instances: 42

Issue: focus indication poor

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.4.7

Score: 128

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focInd

Description: Focused element displays a nonstandard or no focus indicator

Count of instances: 32

Issue: multiple banners

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 124

Violations of axe rules

Rule landmark-no-duplicate-banner

Description: Page has more than 1 banner landmark

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_banner_single

Description: More than one element with a banner role is on the page

Count of instances: 2

Issue: link indication poor

Impact: User cannot differentiate a link from plain text

WCAG: 1.3.3

Score: 112

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkUl

Description: Inline links are not underlined

Count of instances: 56

Issue: links named identically

Impact: User cannot get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 106

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_same_content_different_url

Description: Links with the same text content have different destination URLs

Count of instances: 53

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R9

Description: Links with identical accessible names have different purposes

Count of instances: 34

Rule QW-ACT-R44

Description: Links with identical accessible names and context serve different purposes

Count of instances: 9

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkAmb

Description: Links with the same text content have different destinations

Count of instances: 4

Issue: line height low

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.8

Score: 78

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r73

Description: Text line height is not at least 1.5

Count of instances: 1

Violations of testaro rules

Rule lineHeight

Description: Text has a line height less than 1.5 times its font size

Count of instances: 39

Issue: tab-opening link action possibly unstated

Impact: Following a link opens a new window, possibly surprising a user

WCAG: 3.2.5

Score: 51

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_new_window_mark

Description: Indicator that the link opens a new window or tab may be missing

Count of instances: 51

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.3_2_5.H83.3

Description: Link text may fail to indicate that the link will open in a new window

Count of instances: 32

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkExt

Description: Link opens a new window or tab

Count of instances: 51

Issue: descendant missing

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot operate a custom tool

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 48

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r68

Description: Element does not own an element required by its semantic role

Count of instances: 6

Violations of axe rules

Rule aria-required-children

Description: ARIA role does not contain a required child

Count of instances: 6

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R38

Description: Element has no ARIA required owned element

Count of instances: 12

Issue: nav links not list

Impact: User cannot get help recognizing a list of navigation links

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 48

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.H48

Description: Navigation links are not coded as a list

Count of instances: 4

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T32

Description: ol, ul or dl is not used for a list or group of links

Count of instances: 24

Issue: menu items missing

Impact: User cannot reach promised menu items

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 48

Violations of wave rules

Rule aria_menu_broken

Description: ARIA menu does not contain required menu items

Count of instances: 12

Issue: text and image link not combined

Impact: Keyboard-only user expends extra effort to skip a link

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 34

Violations of wave rules

Rule link_redundant

Description: Adjacent links go to the same URL

Count of instances: 17

Issue: large visible-element count

Impact: User cannot easily find items in the document

WCAG: 2.4

Score: 31

Violations of testaro rules

Rule bulk

Description: Page contains many visible elements

Count of instances: 1

Issue: text contrast improvable

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.6

Score: 21

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r66

Description: Text contrast less than AAA requires

Count of instances: 13

Violations of aslint rules

Rule color_contrast_aaa7

Description: Text has contrast less than 7:1

Count of instances: 20

Rule color_contrast_aaa

Description: Text contrast may be less than enhanced but the element is invisible

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast-enhanced

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast (Level AAA)

Count of instances: 13

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Fail

Description: Text has insufficient contrast

Count of instances: 11

Issue: image dubiously named

Impact: Helper may describe an image inadequately

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 19

Violations of aslint rules

Rule alt_color_convey_information

Description: Text alternative may fail to give information provided by colors

Count of instances: 7

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T8

Description: Text alternative is not an alternative

Count of instances: 19

Violations of wave rules

Rule alt_suspicious

Description: Image text alternative is suspicious

Count of instances: 6

Issue: custom button possibly keyboard-inoperable

Impact: Custom item may prevent a keyboard-only user from operating it

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 17

Violations of aslint rules

Rule link_button_space_key

Description: Element has a button role but may fail to be keyboard-operable

Count of instances: 17

Issue: role redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 17

Violations of testaro rules

Rule role

Description: Invalid, native-replacing, or redundant role

Count of instances: 17

Issue: link not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 16

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r11

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_link_element

Description: Element has no visible and accessible name

Count of instances: 4

Violations of axe rules

Rule link-name

Description: Link has no discernible text

Count of instances: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.NoContent

Description: Link has an href attribute but not named

Count of instances: 4

Violations of ibm rules

Rule a_text_purpose

Description: Hyperlink has no link text, label, or image with a text alternative

Count of instances: 4

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R12

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 4

Violations of wave rules

Rule link_empty

Description: Link contains not named

Count of instances: 4

Issue: operable element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot navigate properly to an operable item

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 12

Violations of testaro rules

Rule opFoc

Description: Operable element is not Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 3

Issue: inconsistent heading, link, or button styles

Impact: User cannot easily distinguish items of different types

WCAG: 3.2.4

Score: 11

Violations of testaro rules

Rule styleDiff

Description: Heading, link, and button style inconsistencies

Count of instances: 11

Issue: focusable element not active

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot navigate properly to the operable items

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 9

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T26

Description: Script makes a div or span a user interface control without providing a role for the control

Count of instances: 3

Issue: text contrast poor

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 8

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r69

Description: Text outside widget has subminimum contrast

Count of instances: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast

Count of instances: 2

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G18.Fail

Description: Contrast between the text and its background is less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 2

Issue: heading structure illogical

Impact: Helper misdescribes the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 8

Violations of aslint rules

Rule headings_hierarchy

Description: Heading level is illogical in its context

Count of instances: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1_AAA.G141

Description: Heading level is incorrect

Count of instances: 2

Issue: link destination not URL

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 7

Violations of aslint rules

Rule unclear_anchor_uri

Description: Link destination is #, a script, or empty

Count of instances: 7

Issue: links dubiously share name

Impact: User may be unable to get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 6

Violations of axe rules

Rule identical-links-same-purpose

Description: Links with the same accessible name may serve dissimilar purposes

Count of instances: 6

Issue: landmarks not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 6

Violations of axe rules

Rule landmark-unique

Description: Landmark has a role and an accessible name that are identical to another

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_landmark_name_unique

Description: Multiple landmarks with the same parent region are not distinguished from one another

Count of instances: 2

Issue: banners not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 6

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_banner_label_unique

Description: Multiple elements with a banner role have no unique labels

Count of instances: 2

Issue: event possibly not keyboard-triggerable

Impact: Keyboard-only user may be unable to perform an action

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 5

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.2_1_1.G90

Description: Event handler functionality may not be available by keyboard

Count of instances: 5

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T6

Description: Both keyboard and other device-specific functions are not used

Count of instances: 5

Violations of wave rules

Rule event_handler

Description: Device-dependent event handler

Count of instances: 3

Issue: heading level skipped

Impact: Helper misdescribes the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r53

Description: Heading skips one or more levels

Count of instances: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule heading-order

Description: Heading levels do not increase by only one

Count of instances: 2

Violations of wave rules

Rule heading_skipped

Description: Skipped heading level

Count of instances: 2

Issue: link href missing

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_href_on_a

Description: Link has no href attribute

Count of instances: 2

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkTo

Description: Link has no href attribute

Count of instances: 2

Issue: attribute invalid

Impact: Item behaves improperly

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule misused_input_attribute

Description: Element has an attribute that is not valid for input elements

Count of instances: 1

Issue: CSS bans rotation

Impact: User must read sideways after rotating a device

WCAG: 1.3.4

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule orientation

Description: CSS media query specifies an orientation

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link incomplete

Impact: User may fail to reach a promised location

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.Placeholder

Description: Link has text but no href, id, or name attribute

Count of instances: 2

Issue: control not named

Impact: User cannot get help on how to operate a form item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.F68

Description: Form control has no label

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule label_missing

Description: form element has no label

Count of instances: 1

Issue: input not named

Impact: User cannot get help on what information to enter in a form item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.InputText.Name

Description: Text input has no accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Issue: attribute value invalid

Impact: Item behaves improperly

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Bad value .* for attribute .+ on element .+$

Description: Attribute on this element has an invalid value

Count of instances: 1

Issue: error reference invalid

Impact: User cannot correct a form error

WCAG: 3.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R41

Description: Error message describes no invalid form field value

Count of instances: 1

Issue: element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 4

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focAll

Description: Discrepancy between elements that should be and that are Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 2

Issue: form submission button missing

Impact: User cannot easily submit a form

WCAG: 3.2.2

Score: 3

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_submit_button

Description: Element is a form but contains no input or button element for submission

Count of instances: 1

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T19

Description: Submit button not provided

Count of instances: 1

Issue: code obsolete

Impact: Document contains code that is no longer standard

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 3

Violations of ibm rules

Rule element_attribute_deprecated

Description: Element or attribute is obsolete

Count of instances: 1

Issue: hover indication poor

Impact: User cannot explore the document reliably with a mouse

WCAG: 3.3.2

Score: 3

Violations of testaro rules

Rule hovInd

Description: Hovering is unclearly indicated

Count of instances: 1

Issue: text contrast issues not testable

Impact: Text may be difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 2

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Abs

Description: Contrast between the absolutely positioned text and its background may be less than 7:1

Count of instances: 2

Issue: section heading missing

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Section lacks heading. Consider using h2-h6 elements to add identifying headings to all sections, or else use a div element instead for any cases where no heading is needed.

Description: section has no heading

Count of instances: 2

Issue: z-index not zero

Impact: User cannot predict the effect of clicking

WCAG: 1.4

Score: 2

Violations of testaro rules

Rule zIndex

Description: Element has a nondefault z-index value

Count of instances: 2

Issue: title attribute redundant

Impact: Helper repeats the explanation of an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of wave rules

Rule title_redundant

Description: Title attribute text is the same as the text or alternative text

Count of instances: 2

Issue: hr misused

Impact: User cannot get help on the nature of segments of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule horizontal_rule

Description: hr element has neither a true aria-hidden attribute nor a presentation role

Count of instances: 1

Violations of testaro rules

Rule hr

Description: hr instead of styles is used for vertical segmentation

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link name dubious

Impact: User may misunderstand what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule link_with_unclear_purpose

Description: Element is a link but has vague or generic content

Count of instances: 1

Issue: labeling risky

Impact: User may misunderstand a form control

WCAG: 3.3.2

Score: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_labelN

Description: Element has an id attribute but no explicit label references it

Count of instances: 1

Issue: position sticky

Impact: User may be unable to see needed content or may be forced to scroll in both dimensions

WCAG: 1.4.10

Score: 1

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_10.C32,C31,C33,C38,SCR34,G206

Description: Fixed-position element may force bidirectional scrolling

Count of instances: 1

Issue: type redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources.

Description: type attribute is unnecessary for a JavaScript resource

Count of instances: 1

Issue: duplicate attribute

Impact: Browser processes the document improperly

WCAG: 4.1.1

Score: 1

Violations of testaro rules

Rule dupAtt

Description: Source code of the element contains 2 or more of the same attribute

Count of instances: 1

Issue: image name redundant

Impact: Helper repeats the explanation of an image

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule alt_redundant

Description: Redundant text alternative

Count of instances: 1

Issue: all-capital text

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 0

Violations of aslint rules

Rule capital_letters_words

Description: Element or its title has entirely upper-case words

Count of instances: 43

Violations of testaro rules

Rule allCaps

Description: Element has a text substring of at least 8 upper-case characters

Count of instances: 1