Accessibility digest

Introduction

How accessible is the Esperantic Studies Foundation web page at https://www.esperantic.org/en/home/?

This digest can help answer that question. Nine different tools (Alfa, ASLint, Axe, Equal Access, HTML CodeSniffer, Nu Html Checker, QualWeb, Testaro, and WAVE) tested the page to check its compliance with their accessibility rules. In all, the tools define about 915 rules, which are classified here into about 300 accessibility issues.

The results were interpreted to yield a score, with 0 being ideal. The score for this page was 3223, the sum of 660 for the count of issues, 2075 for specific issues, 414 for tool-by-tool ratings, 0 for the page preventing tools from running, 63 for browser warnings, and 11 for delayed page responses.

Issue summary

Itemized issues

The reported rule violations are itemized below, issue by issue. Additional details can be inspected in the full report.

Issue: font size absolute

Impact: User cannot adjust the text size for readability

WCAG: 1.4.4

Score: 194

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r74

Description: Paragraph text has an absolute font size

Count of instances: 25

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T28

Description: Percent, em, or name is used for a font size

Count of instances: 97

Issue: text contrast poor

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 176

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r69

Description: Text outside widget has subminimum contrast

Count of instances: 44

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast

Count of instances: 27

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G18.Fail

Description: Contrast between the text and its background is less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule text_contrast_sufficient

Description: Text has a contrast with its background less than the WCAG AA minimum for its size and weight

Count of instances: 36

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R37

Description: Text has less than the minimum contrast

Count of instances: 30

Violations of wave rules

Rule contrast

Description: Very low contrast

Count of instances: 26

Issue: meta bans zoom

Impact: User cannot adjust the document size for readability

WCAG: 1.4.4

Score: 124

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r47

Description: Element restricts zooming

Count of instances: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule zoom_disabled

Description: Element specifies a minimum or maximum scale or prohibits zooming

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule meta-viewport

Description: Zooming and scaling are disabled

Count of instances: 1

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Consider avoiding viewport values that prevent users from resizing documents.

Description: viewport value prevents users from resizing the document

Count of instances: 1

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R14

Description: meta viewport prevents zoom

Count of instances: 1

Issue: fatal error

Impact: Document prevents testing for accessibility

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 124

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Cannot recover after last error. Any further errors will be ignored.

Description: Testing was interrupted by a fatal error

Count of instances: 1

Issue: element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 112

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focAll

Description: Discrepancy between elements that should be and that are Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 56

Issue: line height low

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.8

Score: 108

Violations of testaro rules

Rule lineHeight

Description: Text has a line height less than 1.5 times its font size

Count of instances: 54

Issue: target small

Impact: User cannot reliably choose an item to click or tap

WCAG: 2.5.5

Score: 102

Violations of testaro rules

Rule targetSize

Description: Button, input, or non-inline link is smaller than 44 px wide and high

Count of instances: 34

Issue: h1 not 1st heading

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 93

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r61

Description: First heading is not h1

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link indication poor

Impact: User cannot differentiate a link from plain text

WCAG: 1.3.3

Score: 82

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r62

Description: Inline link is not distinct from the surrounding text except by color

Count of instances: 3

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_not_visually_evident_without_color_vision

Description: Element is a link, but its style properties do not differentiate it from its parent

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule link-in-text-block

Description: Element is not distinct from surrounding text without reliance on color

Count of instances: 5

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkUl

Description: Inline links are not underlined

Count of instances: 41

Issue: overflow possibly hidden

Impact: User may be unable to enlarge the text for readability

WCAG: 1.4.4

Score: 69

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R40

Description: Zoomed text node may be clipped by a CSS overflow declaration

Count of instances: 69

Issue: focus indication poor

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.4.7

Score: 68

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focInd

Description: Focused element displays a nonstandard or no focus indicator

Count of instances: 17

Issue: multiple banners

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 62

Violations of axe rules

Rule landmark-no-duplicate-banner

Description: Page has more than 1 banner landmark

Count of instances: 1

Issue: page content moves spontaneously

Impact: Motion-sensitive user may suffer harm

WCAG: 2.2.2

Score: 62

Violations of testaro rules

Rule motion

Description: Change of visible content not requested by user

Count of instances: 1

Issue: text contrast improvable

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.6

Score: 48

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r66

Description: Text contrast less than AAA requires

Count of instances: 48

Violations of aslint rules

Rule color_contrast_aaa

Description: Text contrast may be less than enhanced but the element is invisible

Count of instances: 14

Rule color_contrast_aaa7

Description: Text has contrast less than 7:1

Count of instances: 27

Rule color_contrast_aaa4

Description: Text has contrast less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast-enhanced

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast (Level AAA)

Count of instances: 2

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Fail

Description: Text has insufficient contrast

Count of instances: 29

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R76

Description: Text has less than the enhanced minimum contrast

Count of instances: 32

Issue: list item orphan

Impact: User cannot get help on whether an item is in a list

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 48

Violations of axe rules

Rule listitem

Description: Element is not contained by a ul or ol element

Count of instances: 12

Issue: title attribute invalid

Impact: User cannot hover to get help explaining an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 48

Violations of testaro rules

Rule titledEl

Description: title attribute belongs to an inappropriate element

Count of instances: 12

Issue: parent missing

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot operate a custom tool

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 44

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r42

Description: Element is not owned by an element of its required context role

Count of instances: 11

Issue: attribute invalid

Impact: Item behaves improperly

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 44

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_attribute_valid

Description: ARIA attribute is invalid for the role of its element

Count of instances: 11

Issue: CSS invalid

Impact: Document cannot be properly displayed

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 42

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^CSS: .+: Parse Error.*$

Description: Invalid CSS

Count of instances: 11

Rule ^CSS: .+: .+ is not a .+ value.*$

Description: Invalid value in CSS

Count of instances: 3

Issue: negative text-indent

Impact: Helper may hide content from the user

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 39

Violations of aslint rules

Rule incorrect_technique_for_hiding_content

Description: Element has a text-indent style with a negative value

Count of instances: 13

Issue: nav links not list

Impact: User cannot get help recognizing a list of navigation links

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 36

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.H48

Description: Navigation links are not coded as a list

Count of instances: 2

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T32

Description: ol, ul or dl is not used for a list or group of links

Count of instances: 18

Issue: large visible-element count

Impact: User cannot easily find items in the document

WCAG: 2.4

Score: 31

Violations of testaro rules

Rule bulk

Description: Page contains many visible elements

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 24

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r11

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 3

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_link_element

Description: Element has no visible and accessible name

Count of instances: 4

Rule img_empty_alt_in_link

Description: Element is an image in a link but has no text alternative

Count of instances: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule link-name

Description: Link has no discernible text

Count of instances: 3

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.Empty

Description: a element has an id attribute but no href attribute or text

Count of instances: 1

Rule AAA.1_1_1.H30.2

Description: img element is the only link content but has no text alternative

Count of instances: 1

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.NoContent

Description: Link has an href attribute but not named

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule a_text_purpose

Description: Hyperlink has no link text, label, or image with a text alternative

Count of instances: 2

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R12

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 2

Rule QW-WCAG-T21

Description: Accessible name is not provided for an image which is the only content in a link

Count of instances: 2

Violations of wave rules

Rule alt_link_missing

Description: Linked image has no text alternative

Count of instances: 2

Rule link_empty

Description: Link contains not named

Count of instances: 1

Issue: parent invalid

Impact: User cannot properly operate an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 24

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Element .+ not allowed as child of element .+ in this context.*$

Description: Element has an invalid parent

Count of instances: 6

Issue: meta invalid

Impact: Document fails to include needed data

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 21

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule A meta element with an http-equiv attribute whose value is X-UA-Compatible must have a content attribute with the value IE=edge.

Description: Element with http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" has no content="IE=edge"

Count of instances: 1

Rule ^Attribute .+ not allowed on element meta at this point.*$

Description: Attribute is not allowed on a meta element here

Count of instances: 3

Rule ^Element meta is missing one or more of the following attributes: .+$

Description: Element is missing a required attribute

Count of instances: 3

Issue: link element invalid

Impact: Document fails to get a needed external resource

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 20

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.2_4_8.H59.1

Description: Element is not in the document head

Count of instances: 2

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule A link element must not appear as a descendant of a body element unless the link element has an itemprop attribute or has a rel attribute whose value contains dns-prefetch, modulepreload, pingback, preconnect, prefetch, preload, prerender, or stylesheet.

Description: Element has a body ancestor but no itemprop or valid rel attribute

Count of instances: 5

Issue: links named identically

Impact: User cannot get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 18

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_same_content_different_url

Description: Links with the same text content have different destination URLs

Count of instances: 9

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkAmb

Description: Links with the same text content have different destinations

Count of instances: 3

Issue: hovering changes content

Impact: User cannot explore the document reliably with a mouse

WCAG: 3.2.5

Score: 17

Violations of testaro rules

Rule hover

Description: Hovering changes the page content

Count of instances: 17

Issue: type redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 16

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule The type attribute for the style element is not needed and should be omitted.

Description: type attribute is unnecessary for a style element

Count of instances: 7

Rule The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources.

Description: type attribute is unnecessary for a JavaScript resource

Count of instances: 9

Issue: link destination not URL

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 13

Violations of aslint rules

Rule unclear_anchor_uri

Description: Link destination is #, a script, or empty

Count of instances: 13

Issue: tab-opening link action possibly unstated

Impact: Following a link opens a new window, possibly surprising a user

WCAG: 3.2.5

Score: 11

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_new_window_mark

Description: Indicator that the link opens a new window or tab may be missing

Count of instances: 11

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.3_2_5.H83.3

Description: Link text may fail to indicate that the link will open in a new window

Count of instances: 9

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkExt

Description: Link opens a new window or tab

Count of instances: 11

Issue: navigations not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 9

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_navigation_label_unique

Description: Multiple elements with the navigation role do not have unique labels

Count of instances: 3

Issue: image dubiously named

Impact: Helper may describe an image inadequately

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 9

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T8

Description: Text alternative is not an alternative

Count of instances: 9

Issue: skip method possibly missing or invalid

Impact: Keyboard-only user may be unable easily to reach the specific content of the document

WCAG: 2.4.1

Score: 8

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r87

Description: First focusable element is not a link to the main content

Count of instances: 1

Issue: aria attribute invalid

Impact: Item behavior violates user expectations

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 8

Violations of axe rules

Rule aria-roledescription

Description: aria-roledescription is on an element with no semantic role

Count of instances: 2

Issue: no role-required name

Impact: User cannot get help understanding an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 8

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_accessiblename_exists

Description: Element has no accessible name, although its role requires one

Count of instances: 2

Issue: title attribute redundant

Impact: Helper repeats the explanation of an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 7

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkTitle

Description: Link title value is also contained in the link text

Count of instances: 7

Violations of wave rules

Rule title_redundant

Description: Title attribute text is the same as the text or alternative text

Count of instances: 1

Issue: z-index not zero

Impact: User cannot predict the effect of clicking

WCAG: 1.4

Score: 7

Violations of testaro rules

Rule zIndex

Description: Element has a nondefault z-index value

Count of instances: 7

Issue: heading empty

Impact: User cannot get help on the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 2.4.6

Score: 6

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r64

Description: Heading has no non-empty accessible name

Count of instances: 2

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_heading

Description: Element is a heading but is empty

Count of instances: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule empty-heading

Description: Heading empty

Count of instances: 2

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.H42.2

Description: Heading empty

Count of instances: 2

Violations of ibm rules

Rule heading_content_exists

Description: Heading element has no descriptive content

Count of instances: 2

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R35

Description: Heading has no accessible name

Count of instances: 2

Violations of wave rules

Rule heading_empty

Description: Empty heading

Count of instances: 2

Issue: heading structure illogical

Impact: Helper misdescribes the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 6

Violations of aslint rules

Rule headings_hierarchy

Description: Heading level is illogical in its context

Count of instances: 3

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1_AAA.G141

Description: Heading level is incorrect

Count of instances: 3

Issue: landmarks not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 6

Violations of axe rules

Rule landmark-unique

Description: Landmark has a role and an accessible name that are identical to another

Count of instances: 2

Issue: code obsolete

Impact: Document contains code that is no longer standard

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 6

Violations of ibm rules

Rule element_attribute_deprecated

Description: Element or attribute is obsolete

Count of instances: 2

Issue: banners not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 6

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_banner_label_unique

Description: Multiple elements with a banner role have no unique labels

Count of instances: 2

Issue: element closure invalid

Impact: Document contains invalid code

WCAG: 4.1.1

Score: 6

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Stray end tag .+$

Description: Invalid closing tag

Count of instances: 1

Rule ^Start tag .+ seen but an element of the same type was already open.*$

Description: Element is invalidly a descendant of another such element

Count of instances: 1

Issue: text and image link not combined

Impact: Keyboard-only user expends extra effort to skip a link

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 6

Violations of wave rules

Rule link_redundant

Description: Adjacent links go to the same URL

Count of instances: 3

Issue: role redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 5

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_role_redundant

Description: Explicitly assigned ARIA role is redundant with the implicit role of the element

Count of instances: 2

Violations of testaro rules

Rule role

Description: Invalid, native-replacing, or redundant role

Count of instances: 5

Issue: inconsistent heading, link, or button styles

Impact: User cannot easily distinguish items of different types

WCAG: 3.2.4

Score: 5

Violations of testaro rules

Rule styleDiff

Description: Heading, link, and button style inconsistencies

Count of instances: 5

Issue: list child invalid

Impact: User cannot get help on which items are in a list

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of axe rules

Rule list

Description: List element ul or ol has a child element other than li, script, and template

Count of instances: 1

Issue: text contrast issues not testable

Impact: Text may be difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_3_F24.F24.FGColour

Description: Inline foreground color may lack a complementary background color

Count of instances: 3

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Abs

Description: Contrast between the absolutely positioned text and its background may be less than 7:1

Count of instances: 1

Issue: input not named

Impact: User cannot get help on what information to enter in a form item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.InputSearch.Name

Description: Search input has no accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Issue: error reference invalid

Impact: User cannot correct a form error

WCAG: 3.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R41

Description: Error message describes no invalid form field value

Count of instances: 1

Issue: control not named

Impact: User cannot get help on how to operate a form item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of wave rules

Rule label_missing

Description: form element has no label

Count of instances: 1

Issue: element in head invalid

Impact: Browser processes the document improperly

WCAG: 4.1.1

Score: 3

Violations of aslint rules

Rule elements_not_allowed_in_head

Description: Elements in the head are not allowed there

Count of instances: 1

Issue: image dubiously marked decorative

Impact: Helper ignores an image that is apparently informative

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 3

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_1_1.H67.2

Description: Image marked as decorative may be informative

Count of instances: 3

Issue: position sticky

Impact: User may be unable to see needed content or may be forced to scroll in both dimensions

WCAG: 1.4.10

Score: 3

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_10.C32,C31,C33,C38,SCR34,G206

Description: Fixed-position element may force bidirectional scrolling

Count of instances: 3

Issue: role invalid

Impact: User cannot get help on the nature of an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 3

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_child_valid

Description: Child element has a role not allowed for the role of the parent

Count of instances: 1

Issue: hover indication poor

Impact: User cannot explore the document reliably with a mouse

WCAG: 3.3.2

Score: 3

Violations of testaro rules

Rule hovInd

Description: Hovering is unclearly indicated

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading level skipped

Impact: Helper misdescribes the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r53

Description: Heading skips one or more levels

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule heading-order

Description: Heading levels do not increase by only one

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule heading_skipped

Description: Skipped heading level

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link href missing

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_href_on_a

Description: Link has no href attribute

Count of instances: 1

Issue: banner child of landmark

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule landmark-banner-is-top-level

Description: banner landmark is contained in another landmark

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading-like styles dubious

Impact: User may be unable to understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.H42

Description: Heading coding is not used but the element may be intended as a heading

Count of instances: 2

Issue: labeling risky

Impact: User may misunderstand a form control

WCAG: 3.3.2

Score: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_labelN

Description: Element has an id attribute but no explicit label references it

Count of instances: 1

Issue: decorative element has title

Impact: Hovering-produced information is denied to a keyboard-only user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule img_empty_alt_with_empty_title

Description: Element has an empty alt attribute but a nonempty title attribute

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule image_title

Description: Image has a title attribute value but no alt value

Count of instances: 1

Issue: content beyond landmarks

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule region

Description: Some page content is not contained by landmarks

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link to non-web resource

Impact: Document points to harder-to-use resources

WCAG: 1.3.3

Score: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule link_pdf

Description: Link to PDF document

Count of instances: 1

Issue: all-capital text

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 0

Violations of aslint rules

Rule capital_letters_words

Description: Element or its title has entirely upper-case words

Count of instances: 4