Accessibility digest

Introduction

How accessible is the Guttmacher Institute web page at https://www.guttmacher.org/?

This digest can help answer that question. Nine different tools (Alfa, ASLint, Axe, Equal Access, HTML CodeSniffer, Nu Html Checker, QualWeb, Testaro, and WAVE) tested the page to check its compliance with their accessibility rules. In all, the tools define about 915 rules, which are classified here into about 300 accessibility issues.

The results were interpreted to yield a score, with 0 being ideal. The score for this page was 10086, the sum of 730 for the count of issues, 7430 for specific issues, 1753 for tool-by-tool ratings, 0 for the page preventing tools from running, 173 for browser warnings, and 0 for delayed page responses.

Issue summary

Itemized issues

The reported rule violations are itemized below, issue by issue. Additional details can be inspected in the full report.

Issue: text contrast poor

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 2588

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r69

Description: Text outside widget has subminimum contrast

Count of instances: 647

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast

Count of instances: 72

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G18.Fail

Description: Contrast between the text and its background is less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule contrast

Description: Very low contrast

Count of instances: 5

Issue: text contrast improvable

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.6

Score: 689

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r66

Description: Text contrast less than AAA requires

Count of instances: 689

Violations of aslint rules

Rule color_contrast_aaa

Description: Text contrast may be less than enhanced but the element is invisible

Count of instances: 319

Rule color_contrast_aaa7

Description: Text has contrast less than 7:1

Count of instances: 162

Rule color_contrast_aaa4

Description: Text has contrast less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 3

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast-enhanced

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast (Level AAA)

Count of instances: 70

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Fail

Description: Text has insufficient contrast

Count of instances: 22

Issue: color missing

Impact: Content is impossible to perceive under some conditions

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 376

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T31

Description: Foreground or background color is specified but not both

Count of instances: 94

Issue: link not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 348

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r11

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 62

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_link_element

Description: Element has no visible and accessible name

Count of instances: 87

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.Empty

Description: a element has an id attribute but no href attribute or text

Count of instances: 1

Issue: descendant missing

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot operate a custom tool

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 344

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r68

Description: Element does not own an element required by its semantic role

Count of instances: 86

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R38

Description: Element has no ARIA required owned element

Count of instances: 1

Issue: element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 302

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focAll

Description: Discrepancy between elements that should be and that are Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 151

Issue: role invalid

Impact: User cannot get help on the nature of an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 270

Violations of axe rules

Rule aria-allowed-role

Description: ARIA role is not appropriate for the element

Count of instances: 8

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_role_valid

Description: ARIA role is not valid for its element

Count of instances: 4

Rule element_tabbable_role_valid

Description: Tabbable element has a non-widget role

Count of instances: 86

Issue: links named identically

Impact: User cannot get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 266

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_same_content_different_url

Description: Links with the same text content have different destination URLs

Count of instances: 133

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R9

Description: Links with identical accessible names have different purposes

Count of instances: 3

Rule QW-ACT-R44

Description: Links with identical accessible names and context serve different purposes

Count of instances: 3

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkAmb

Description: Links with the same text content have different destinations

Count of instances: 3

Issue: tab-opening link action possibly unstated

Impact: Following a link opens a new window, possibly surprising a user

WCAG: 3.2.5

Score: 265

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_new_window_mark

Description: Indicator that the link opens a new window or tab may be missing

Count of instances: 265

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkExt

Description: Link opens a new window or tab

Count of instances: 100

Issue: focusable element hidden

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot navigate properly to the operable items

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 252

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_hidden_nontabbable

Description: Element has an ancestor with a true aria-hidden attribute but is focusable

Count of instances: 63

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R13

Description: Element with aria-hidden has focusable content

Count of instances: 4

Issue: nav links not list

Impact: User cannot get help recognizing a list of navigation links

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 242

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T32

Description: ol, ul or dl is not used for a list or group of links

Count of instances: 121

Issue: font size absolute

Impact: User cannot adjust the text size for readability

WCAG: 1.4.4

Score: 176

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r74

Description: Paragraph text has an absolute font size

Count of instances: 87

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T28

Description: Percent, em, or name is used for a font size

Count of instances: 88

Issue: element beyond display when focused

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot navigate properly to the operable items

WCAG: 1.4.10

Score: 141

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focVis

Description: Element when focused is off the display

Count of instances: 47

Issue: multiple banners

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 124

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_banner_single

Description: More than one element with a banner role is on the page

Count of instances: 2

Issue: image dubiously named

Impact: Helper may describe an image inadequately

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 93

Violations of aslint rules

Rule alt_color_convey_information

Description: Text alternative may fail to give information provided by colors

Count of instances: 2

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T8

Description: Text alternative is not an alternative

Count of instances: 93

Issue: h1 missing

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 93

Violations of axe rules

Rule page-has-heading-one

Description: Document contains no level-one heading

Count of instances: 1

Issue: focus indication poor

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.4.7

Score: 72

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focInd

Description: Focused element displays a nonstandard or no focus indicator

Count of instances: 18

Issue: target small

Impact: User cannot reliably choose an item to click or tap

WCAG: 2.5.5

Score: 69

Violations of testaro rules

Rule targetSize

Description: Button, input, or non-inline link is smaller than 44 px wide and high

Count of instances: 23

Issue: link indication poor

Impact: User cannot differentiate a link from plain text

WCAG: 1.3.3

Score: 62

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r62

Description: Inline link is not distinct from the surrounding text except by color

Count of instances: 7

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_not_visually_evident_without_color_vision

Description: Element is a link, but its style properties do not differentiate it from its parent

Count of instances: 2

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkUl

Description: Inline links are not underlined

Count of instances: 31

Issue: line height low

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.8

Score: 62

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r73

Description: Text line height is not at least 1.5

Count of instances: 1

Violations of testaro rules

Rule lineHeight

Description: Text has a line height less than 1.5 times its font size

Count of instances: 31

Issue: double br use dubious

Impact: User may be unable to get help to fully understand the text

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 58

Violations of testaro rules

Rule pseudoP

Description: Element contains sequential br elements instead of p

Count of instances: 58

Issue: text and image link not combined

Impact: Keyboard-only user expends extra effort to skip a link

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 50

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T10

Description: Adjacent image and text links for the same resource are not combined

Count of instances: 25

Issue: attribute value invalid

Impact: Item behaves improperly

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 44

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Bad value .* for attribute .+ on element .+$

Description: Attribute on this element has an invalid value

Count of instances: 11

Issue: tablist navigation nonstandard

Impact: Tablist items behave improperly for a keyboard-only user

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 34

Violations of testaro rules

Rule tabNav

Description: Nonstandard keyboard navigation among tabs

Count of instances: 17

Issue: ID not unique

Impact: User may be pointed to the wrong item

WCAG: 4.1.1

Score: 32

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r3

Description: Element id attribute value is not unique

Count of instances: 8

Violations of aslint rules

Rule duplicated_id_attribute

Description: Element id attribute value is not unique

Count of instances: 8

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_1.F77

Description: Duplicate id attribute value

Count of instances: 4

Violations of ibm rules

Rule element_id_unique

Description: Element has an id attribute value that is already in use

Count of instances: 3

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Duplicate ID .+$|^The first occurrence of ID .* was here.*$

Description: Duplicate id

Count of instances: 8

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R18

Description: id attribute value is not unique

Count of instances: 8

Issue: inconsistent heading, link, or button styles

Impact: User cannot easily distinguish items of different types

WCAG: 3.2.4

Score: 32

Violations of testaro rules

Rule styleDiff

Description: Heading, link, and button style inconsistencies

Count of instances: 32

Issue: large visible-element count

Impact: User cannot easily find items in the document

WCAG: 2.4

Score: 31

Violations of testaro rules

Rule bulk

Description: Page contains many visible elements

Count of instances: 1

Issue: error reference invalid

Impact: User cannot correct a form error

WCAG: 3.3.1

Score: 24

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R41

Description: Error message describes no invalid form field value

Count of instances: 6

Issue: font small

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4

Score: 21

Violations of aslint rules

Rule minimum_font_size

Description: Font size is smaller than 10 pixels

Count of instances: 7

Issue: interactive component not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding a custom item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 20

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_widget_labelled

Description: Interactive component has no programmatically associated name

Count of instances: 5

Issue: link destination not URL

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 18

Violations of aslint rules

Rule unclear_anchor_uri

Description: Link destination is #, a script, or empty

Count of instances: 18

Issue: role redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 18

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_role_redundant

Description: Explicitly assigned ARIA role is redundant with the implicit role of the element

Count of instances: 16

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^The .+ role is unnecessary for element .+$

Description: explicit role is redundant for its element

Count of instances: 16

Violations of testaro rules

Rule role

Description: Invalid, native-replacing, or redundant role

Count of instances: 18

Issue: no role-required name

Impact: User cannot get help understanding an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 16

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_accessiblename_exists

Description: Element has no accessible name, although its role requires one

Count of instances: 4

Issue: figure not named

Impact: User cannot get help on the topic of a figure

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 16

Violations of ibm rules

Rule figure_label_exists

Description: figure element has no associated label

Count of instances: 4

Issue: parent missing

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot operate a custom tool

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 16

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R33

Description: Element has no ARIA required context role

Count of instances: 4

Issue: operable element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot navigate properly to an operable item

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 16

Violations of testaro rules

Rule opFoc

Description: Operable element is not Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 4

Issue: landmarks not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 12

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_landmark_name_unique

Description: Multiple landmarks with the same parent region are not distinguished from one another

Count of instances: 4

Issue: banners not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 9

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_banner_label_unique

Description: Multiple elements with a banner role have no unique labels

Count of instances: 3

Issue: autocomplete invalid

Impact: User cannot get help entering personal information in a form item

WCAG: 1.3.5

Score: 9

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule An input element with a type attribute whose value is hidden must not have an autocomplete attribute whose value is on or off.

Description: autocomplete attribute belongs to a hidden element but has an on or off value

Count of instances: 3

Issue: skip method possibly missing or invalid

Impact: Keyboard-only user may be unable easily to reach the specific content of the document

WCAG: 2.4.1

Score: 8

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r87

Description: First focusable element is not a link to the main content

Count of instances: 1

Issue: svg image not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding an image

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 8

Violations of aslint rules

Rule accessible_svg

Description: Element has no title, description, text, attribute label, or role description

Count of instances: 2

Issue: fieldset possibly missing

Impact: User may be unable to get help recognizing a group of related form items

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 8

Violations of aslint rules

Rule group_elements_name_attribute

Description: Element is an input with a name attribute but has no fieldset parent

Count of instances: 8

Issue: control label invisible

Impact: User cannot understand how to operate a form item

WCAG: 2.4.6

Score: 8

Violations of aslint rules

Rule label_visually_hidden_only

Description: Form control has a label but it is not visible

Count of instances: 2

Issue: requirement invalid

Impact: User may fail to get help determining whether a form item must be completed

WCAG: 1.3.5

Score: 8

Violations of aslint rules

Rule misused_required_attribute

Description: Requirement status of the element is invalid

Count of instances: 2

Issue: parent invalid

Impact: User cannot properly operate an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 8

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Element .+ not allowed as child of element .+ in this context.*$

Description: Element has an invalid parent

Count of instances: 2

Issue: text contrast issues not testable

Impact: Text may be difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 5

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Abs

Description: Contrast between the absolutely positioned text and its background may be less than 7:1

Count of instances: 4

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G18.Abs

Description: Contrast between the absolutely positioned text and its background may be less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 1

Issue: article heading missing

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 5

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Article lacks heading. Consider using h2-h6 elements to add identifying headings to all articles.

Description: article has no heading

Count of instances: 5

Issue: aria attribute invalid

Impact: Item behavior violates user expectations

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r20

Description: ARIA attribute is not defined

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_attribute_allowed

Description: ARIA attribute is invalid for the role

Count of instances: 1

Issue: dialog not named

Impact: User cannot get help explaining a pop-up window

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule aria_role_dialog

Description: Element has a dialog role but has no accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Issue: button not named

Impact: User cannot get help explaing a button

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_button_description

Description: Button has no visible accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading structure illogical

Impact: Helper misdescribes the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule headings_hierarchy

Description: Heading level is illogical in its context

Count of instances: 2

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1_AAA.G141

Description: Heading level is incorrect

Count of instances: 1

Issue: label reference invalid

Impact: User cannot get help understanding an item in a form

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule aria_labelledby_associationE

Description: aria-labelledby attribute refers to no element

Count of instances: 1

Issue: type redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources.

Description: type attribute is unnecessary for a JavaScript resource

Count of instances: 4

Issue: attribute invalid

Impact: Item behaves improperly

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Attribute .+ not allowed on element .+ at this point.*$

Description: Attribute not allowed on this element

Count of instances: 1

Issue: attribute missing

Impact: Item behaves improperly

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Element .+ is missing one or more of the following attributes: .+$

Description: Element is missing a required attribute

Count of instances: 1

Issue: autocomplete missing

Impact: User cannot get help entering personal information in a form

WCAG: 1.3.5

Score: 4

Violations of testaro rules

Rule autocomplete

Description: Name or email input is missing its required autocomplete attribute

Count of instances: 2

Issue: heading empty

Impact: User cannot get help on the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 2.4.6

Score: 3

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r64

Description: Heading has no non-empty accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_heading

Description: Element is a heading but is empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule heading_content_exists

Description: Heading element has no descriptive content

Count of instances: 1

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Empty heading.

Description: Empty heading

Count of instances: 1

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R35

Description: Heading has no accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule heading_empty

Description: Empty heading

Count of instances: 1

Issue: animation long or repetitive

Impact: Motion-sensitive user may suffer harm

WCAG: 2.2.2

Score: 3

Violations of aslint rules

Rule animationI

Description: Animation is repetitive

Count of instances: 1

Issue: position sticky

Impact: User may be unable to see needed content or may be forced to scroll in both dimensions

WCAG: 1.4.10

Score: 3

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_10.C32,C31,C33,C38,SCR34,G206

Description: Fixed-position element may force bidirectional scrolling

Count of instances: 3

Issue: link href missing

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_href_on_a

Description: Link has no href attribute

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading level skipped

Impact: Helper misdescribes the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule heading-order

Description: Heading levels do not increase by only one

Count of instances: 1

Issue: aria attribute redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 2

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_attribute_redundant

Description: ARIA attribute is used when there is a corresponding HTML attribute

Count of instances: 2

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Attribute aria-.+ is unnecessary for elements that have attribute .+$

Description: ARIA attribute is redundant with the synonymous native attribute

Count of instances: 2

Issue: focusable element inoperable

Impact: Inoperability of an item violates a user expectation

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 2

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focOp

Description: Tab-focusable element is inoperable

Count of instances: 1

Issue: image alt long

Impact: Helper gives a user an overly verbose explanation of an image

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 2

Violations of wave rules

Rule alt_long

Description: Long text alternative

Count of instances: 1

Issue: content beyond landmarks

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 1

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r57

Description: Perceivable text content is not included in any landmark

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule region

Description: Some page content is not contained by landmarks

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_content_in_landmark

Description: Content is not within a landmark element

Count of instances: 1

Issue: links dubiously share name

Impact: User may be unable to get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule identical-links-same-purpose

Description: Links with the same accessible name may serve dissimilar purposes

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading-like styles dubious

Impact: User may be unable to understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule p-as-heading

Description: Styled p element may be misused as a heading

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule heading_possible

Description: Possible heading

Count of instances: 1

Issue: image dubiously marked decorative

Impact: Helper ignores an image that is apparently informative

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 1

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_1_1.H67.2

Description: Image marked as decorative may be informative

Count of instances: 1

Issue: complementary not named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_complementary_labelled

Description: Element with a complementary role has no label

Count of instances: 1

Issue: text distortion

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 1

Violations of testaro rules

Rule distortion

Description: Element text is distorted by a transform style property

Count of instances: 1

Issue: noscript element possibly not equivalent

Impact: User who has disabled JavaScript may be denied some content

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule noscript

Description: noscript element may fail to contain an accessible equivalent or alternative

Count of instances: 1

Issue: all-italic text

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 0

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r85

Description: Text of the paragraph is all italic

Count of instances: 1

Issue: all-capital text

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 0

Violations of aslint rules

Rule capital_letters_words

Description: Element or its title has entirely upper-case words

Count of instances: 62

Violations of testaro rules

Rule allCaps

Description: Element has a text substring of at least 8 upper-case characters

Count of instances: 3