Accessibility digest

Introduction

How accessible is the United Nations Population Fund web page at https://www.unfpa.org/?

This digest can help answer that question. Nine different tools (Alfa, ASLint, Axe, Equal Access, HTML CodeSniffer, Nu Html Checker, QualWeb, Testaro, and WAVE) tested the page to check its compliance with their accessibility rules. In all, the tools define about 915 rules, which are classified here into about 300 accessibility issues.

The results were interpreted to yield a score, with 0 being ideal. The score for this page was 2818, the sum of 610 for the count of issues, 1552 for specific issues, 433 for tool-by-tool ratings, 0 for the page preventing tools from running, 223 for browser warnings, and 0 for delayed page responses.

Issue summary

Itemized issues

The reported rule violations are itemized below, issue by issue. Additional details can be inspected in the full report.

Issue: text contrast improvable

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.6

Score: 148

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r66

Description: Text contrast less than AAA requires

Count of instances: 43

Violations of aslint rules

Rule color_contrast_aaa7

Description: Text has contrast less than 7:1

Count of instances: 31

Rule color_contrast_aaa

Description: Text contrast may be less than enhanced but the element is invisible

Count of instances: 115

Rule color_contrast_aaa4

Description: Text has contrast less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast-enhanced

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast (Level AAA)

Count of instances: 25

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Fail

Description: Text has insufficient contrast

Count of instances: 21

Issue: target small

Impact: User cannot reliably choose an item to click or tap

WCAG: 2.5.5

Score: 126

Violations of testaro rules

Rule targetSize

Description: Button, input, or non-inline link is smaller than 44 px wide and high

Count of instances: 42

Issue: focus indication poor

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.4.7

Score: 120

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r65

Description: Element in the sequential focus order has no visible focus

Count of instances: 30

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focInd

Description: Focused element displays a nonstandard or no focus indicator

Count of instances: 20

Issue: text contrast poor

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 100

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r69

Description: Text outside widget has subminimum contrast

Count of instances: 25

Violations of axe rules

Rule color-contrast

Description: Element has insufficient color contrast

Count of instances: 16

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G18.Fail

Description: Contrast between the text and its background is less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule contrast

Description: Very low contrast

Count of instances: 16

Issue: h1 not 1st heading

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 93

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r61

Description: First heading is not h1

Count of instances: 1

Issue: h1 missing

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 93

Violations of aslint rules

Rule h1_must_be

Description: Page contains no h1 element

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule page-has-heading-one

Description: Document contains no level-one heading

Count of instances: 1

Violations of wave rules

Rule h1_missing

Description: Missing first level heading

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link indication poor

Impact: User cannot differentiate a link from plain text

WCAG: 1.3.3

Score: 84

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_not_visually_evident_without_color_vision

Description: Element is a link, but its style properties do not differentiate it from its parent

Count of instances: 15

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkUl

Description: Inline links are not underlined

Count of instances: 42

Issue: main missing

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 62

Violations of axe rules

Rule landmark-one-main

Description: page has no main landmark

Count of instances: 1

Issue: page content moves spontaneously

Impact: Motion-sensitive user may suffer harm

WCAG: 2.2.2

Score: 62

Violations of testaro rules

Rule motion

Description: Change of visible content not requested by user

Count of instances: 1

Issue: CSS bans rotation

Impact: User must read sideways after rotating a device

WCAG: 1.3.4

Score: 60

Violations of aslint rules

Rule orientation

Description: CSS media query specifies an orientation

Count of instances: 15

Issue: title attribute invalid

Impact: User cannot hover to get help explaining an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 60

Violations of testaro rules

Rule titledEl

Description: title attribute belongs to an inappropriate element

Count of instances: 15

Issue: link not named

Impact: User cannot get help understanding what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 48

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r11

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 6

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_link_element

Description: Element has no visible and accessible name

Count of instances: 7

Rule img_empty_alt_in_link

Description: Element is an image in a link but has no text alternative

Count of instances: 5

Violations of axe rules

Rule link-name

Description: Link has no discernible text

Count of instances: 6

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.NoContent

Description: Link has an href attribute but not named

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule a_text_purpose

Description: Hyperlink has no link text, label, or image with a text alternative

Count of instances: 6

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R12

Description: Link has no accessible name

Count of instances: 6

Rule QW-WCAG-T21

Description: Accessible name is not provided for an image which is the only content in a link

Count of instances: 6

Violations of wave rules

Rule alt_link_missing

Description: Linked image has no text alternative

Count of instances: 6

Issue: links named identically

Impact: User cannot get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 48

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_same_content_different_url

Description: Links with the same text content have different destination URLs

Count of instances: 24

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R9

Description: Links with identical accessible names have different purposes

Count of instances: 8

Rule QW-ACT-R44

Description: Links with identical accessible names and context serve different purposes

Count of instances: 8

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkAmb

Description: Links with the same text content have different destinations

Count of instances: 8

Issue: skip method missing or invalid

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot easily reach the specific content of the document

WCAG: 2.4.1

Score: 48

Violations of wave rules

Rule link_skip_broken

Description: Skip-navigation link has no target or is not keyboard accessible

Count of instances: 1

Issue: content beyond landmarks

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 42

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r57

Description: Perceivable text content is not included in any landmark

Count of instances: 42

Violations of axe rules

Rule region

Description: Some page content is not contained by landmarks

Count of instances: 12

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_content_in_landmark

Description: Content is not within a landmark element

Count of instances: 37

Issue: text and image link not combined

Impact: Keyboard-only user expends extra effort to skip a link

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 40

Violations of wave rules

Rule link_redundant

Description: Adjacent links go to the same URL

Count of instances: 20

Issue: z-index not zero

Impact: User cannot predict the effect of clicking

WCAG: 1.4

Score: 32

Violations of testaro rules

Rule zIndex

Description: Element has a nondefault z-index value

Count of instances: 32

Issue: large visible-element count

Impact: User cannot easily find items in the document

WCAG: 2.4

Score: 31

Violations of testaro rules

Rule bulk

Description: Page contains many visible elements

Count of instances: 1

Issue: nav links not list

Impact: User cannot get help recognizing a list of navigation links

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 30

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.H48

Description: Navigation links are not coded as a list

Count of instances: 4

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T32

Description: ol, ul or dl is not used for a list or group of links

Count of instances: 15

Issue: text contrast issues not testable

Impact: Text may be difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.3

Score: 17

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.Abs

Description: Contrast between the absolutely positioned text and its background may be less than 7:1

Count of instances: 12

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G17.BgImage

Description: Contrast between the text and its background image may be less than 7:1

Count of instances: 1

Rule AAA.1_4_6.G18.Abs

Description: Contrast between the absolutely positioned text and its background may be less than 4.5:1

Count of instances: 4

Issue: font size absolute

Impact: User cannot adjust the text size for readability

WCAG: 1.4.4

Score: 16

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r74

Description: Paragraph text has an absolute font size

Count of instances: 8

Issue: element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot choose an item to operate

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 14

Violations of testaro rules

Rule focAll

Description: Discrepancy between elements that should be and that are Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 7

Issue: image dubiously named

Impact: Helper may describe an image inadequately

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 12

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-WCAG-T8

Description: Text alternative is not an alternative

Count of instances: 12

Issue: title attribute redundant

Impact: Helper repeats the explanation of an item

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 12

Violations of wave rules

Rule title_redundant

Description: Title attribute text is the same as the text or alternative text

Count of instances: 12

Issue: inconsistent heading, link, or button styles

Impact: User cannot easily distinguish items of different types

WCAG: 3.2.4

Score: 11

Violations of testaro rules

Rule styleDiff

Description: Heading, link, and button style inconsistencies

Count of instances: 11

Issue: hover indication poor

Impact: User cannot explore the document reliably with a mouse

WCAG: 3.3.2

Score: 9

Violations of testaro rules

Rule hovInd

Description: Hovering is unclearly indicated

Count of instances: 3

Issue: skip method possibly missing or invalid

Impact: Keyboard-only user may be unable easily to reach the specific content of the document

WCAG: 2.4.1

Score: 8

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r87

Description: First focusable element is not a link to the main content

Count of instances: 1

Issue: internal link broken

Impact: User cannot reach a promised document location

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 8

Violations of aslint rules

Rule broken_same_page_link

Description: Same-page destination of the link does not exist

Count of instances: 2

Issue: no role-required name

Impact: User cannot get help understanding an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 8

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_accessiblename_exists

Description: Element has no accessible name, although its role requires one

Count of instances: 2

Issue: attribute invalid

Impact: Item behaves improperly

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 8

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^Attribute .+ not allowed on element .+ at this point.*$

Description: Attribute not allowed on this element

Count of instances: 2

Issue: tab-opening link action possibly unstated

Impact: Following a link opens a new window, possibly surprising a user

WCAG: 3.2.5

Score: 7

Violations of aslint rules

Rule links_new_window_mark

Description: Indicator that the link opens a new window or tab may be missing

Count of instances: 7

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.3_2_5.H83.3

Description: Link text may fail to indicate that the link will open in a new window

Count of instances: 7

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkExt

Description: Link opens a new window or tab

Count of instances: 7

Issue: navigations not distinctly named

Impact: User cannot get help on how some of the document is organized

WCAG: 1.3.6

Score: 6

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_navigation_label_unique

Description: Multiple elements with the navigation role do not have unique labels

Count of instances: 2

Issue: role invalid

Impact: User cannot get help on the nature of an item

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 6

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_contentinfo_misuse

Description: Element with a contentinfo role is present without an element with a main role

Count of instances: 1

Rule element_tabbable_role_valid

Description: Tabbable element has a non-widget role

Count of instances: 1

Issue: decorative element exposed

Impact: Helper alerts a user to an uninformative image

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 6

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule An img element which has an alt attribute whose value is the empty string must not have a role attribute.

Description: img element with alt="" has a role attribute

Count of instances: 3

Issue: image dubiously marked decorative

Impact: Helper ignores an image that is apparently informative

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 5

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_1_1.H67.2

Description: Image marked as decorative may be informative

Count of instances: 5

Issue: role redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 5

Violations of ibm rules

Rule aria_role_redundant

Description: Explicitly assigned ARIA role is redundant with the implicit role of the element

Count of instances: 5

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule ^The .+ role is unnecessary for element .+$

Description: explicit role is redundant for its element

Count of instances: 2

Violations of testaro rules

Rule role

Description: Invalid, native-replacing, or redundant role

Count of instances: 3

Issue: image not named

Impact: User cannot get help to know what is in an image

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 4

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r2

Description: Image has no accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_alt_attribute

Description: Image has no alt attribute

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule image-alt

Description: Image has no text alternative

Count of instances: 1

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_1_1.H37

Description: img element has no alt attribute

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule img_alt_valid

Description: Image has neither an alt attribute nor an ARIA label or title

Count of instances: 1

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule An img element must have an alt attribute, except under certain conditions. For details, consult guidance on providing text alternatives for images.

Description: img element has no alt attribute

Count of instances: 1

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R17

Description: Image has no accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link name dubious

Impact: User may misunderstand what a link points to

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule link_with_unclear_purpose

Description: Element is a link but has vague or generic content

Count of instances: 4

Violations of wave rules

Rule link_suspicious

Description: Suspicious link text

Count of instances: 1

Issue: iframe not named

Impact: User cannot get help on the topic of an embedded document

WCAG: 4.1.2

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule title_iframe

Description: Element is an iframe or object but its title attribute is missing or empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.2_4_1.H64.1

Description: iframe element has no non-empty title attribute

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading structure illogical

Impact: Helper misdescribes the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of aslint rules

Rule headings_hierarchy

Description: Heading level is illogical in its context

Count of instances: 1

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1_AAA.G141

Description: Heading level is incorrect

Count of instances: 2

Issue: link incomplete

Impact: User may fail to reach a promised location

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.4_1_2.H91.A.Placeholder

Description: Link has text but no href, id, or name attribute

Count of instances: 2

Issue: section heading missing

Impact: User cannot understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Section lacks heading. Consider using h2-h6 elements to add identifying headings to all sections, or else use a div element instead for any cases where no heading is needed.

Description: section has no heading

Count of instances: 4

Issue: error reference invalid

Impact: User cannot correct a form error

WCAG: 3.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R41

Description: Error message describes no invalid form field value

Count of instances: 1

Issue: operable element not focusable

Impact: Keyboard-only user cannot navigate properly to an operable item

WCAG: 2.1.1

Score: 4

Violations of testaro rules

Rule opFoc

Description: Operable element is not Tab-focusable

Count of instances: 1

Issue: label reference invalid

Impact: User cannot get help understanding an item in a form

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 4

Violations of wave rules

Rule label_orphaned

Description: Orphaned form label

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading empty

Impact: User cannot get help on the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 2.4.6

Score: 3

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r64

Description: Heading has no non-empty accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule empty_heading

Description: Element is a heading but is empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of axe rules

Rule empty-heading

Description: Heading empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.H42.2

Description: Heading empty

Count of instances: 1

Violations of ibm rules

Rule heading_content_exists

Description: Heading element has no descriptive content

Count of instances: 1

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule Empty heading.

Description: Empty heading

Count of instances: 1

Violations of qualWeb rules

Rule QW-ACT-R35

Description: Heading has no accessible name

Count of instances: 1

Issue: negative text-indent

Impact: Helper may hide content from the user

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 3

Violations of aslint rules

Rule incorrect_technique_for_hiding_content

Description: Element has a text-indent style with a negative value

Count of instances: 1

Issue: code obsolete

Impact: Document contains code that is no longer standard

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 3

Violations of ibm rules

Rule element_attribute_deprecated

Description: Element or attribute is obsolete

Count of instances: 1

Issue: meta invalid

Impact: Document fails to include needed data

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 3

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule A charset attribute on a meta element found after the first 1024 bytes.

Description: charset attribute on a meta element appears after 1024 bytes

Count of instances: 1

Issue: line height low

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 1.4.8

Score: 2

Violations of alfa rules

Rule r73

Description: Text line height is not at least 1.5

Count of instances: 1

Violations of testaro rules

Rule lineHeight

Description: Text has a line height less than 1.5 times its font size

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link href missing

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of aslint rules

Rule missing_href_on_a

Description: Link has no href attribute

Count of instances: 1

Violations of testaro rules

Rule linkTo

Description: Link has no href attribute

Count of instances: 1

Issue: links dubiously share name

Impact: User may be unable to get help differentiating links

WCAG: 2.4.4

Score: 2

Violations of axe rules

Rule identical-links-same-purpose

Description: Links with the same accessible name may serve dissimilar purposes

Count of instances: 2

Issue: position sticky

Impact: User may be unable to see needed content or may be forced to scroll in both dimensions

WCAG: 1.4.10

Score: 2

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_4_10.C32,C31,C33,C38,SCR34,G206

Description: Fixed-position element may force bidirectional scrolling

Count of instances: 2

Issue: type redundant

Impact: Document includes unnecessary code

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of nuVal rules

Rule The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources.

Description: type attribute is unnecessary for a JavaScript resource

Count of instances: 2

Issue: label types incompatible

Impact: User cannot get reliable help on the topics of form items

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 2

Violations of testaro rules

Rule labClash

Description: Incompatible label types

Count of instances: 1

Issue: image alt long

Impact: Helper gives a user an overly verbose explanation of an image

WCAG: 1.1.1

Score: 2

Violations of wave rules

Rule alt_long

Description: Long text alternative

Count of instances: 1

Issue: noscript element possibly not equivalent

Impact: User who has disabled JavaScript may be denied some content

WCAG: 4.1

Score: 2

Violations of wave rules

Rule noscript

Description: noscript element may fail to contain an accessible equivalent or alternative

Count of instances: 2

Issue: tabindex redundant

Impact: Revision risks interfering with navigation by a keyboard-only user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule misused_tabindex_attribute

Description: Element has an implicit tabIndex value 0, but also has a tabindex attribute

Count of instances: 1

Issue: link destination not URL

Impact: Helper cannot properly explain a link to a user

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Violations of aslint rules

Rule unclear_anchor_uri

Description: Link destination is #, a script, or empty

Count of instances: 1

Issue: heading-like styles dubious

Impact: User may be unable to understand the topic of a part of the document

WCAG: 1.3.1

Score: 1

Violations of htmlcs rules

Rule AAA.1_3_1.H42

Description: Heading coding is not used but the element may be intended as a heading

Count of instances: 1

Issue: all-capital text

Impact: Text is difficult to read

WCAG: 3.1.5

Score: 0

Violations of aslint rules

Rule capital_letters_words

Description: Element or its title has entirely upper-case words

Count of instances: 122

Violations of testaro rules

Rule allCaps

Description: Element has a text substring of at least 8 upper-case characters

Count of instances: 21